News : Vital protection for children

Excerpt from STAR ONLINE

Vital protection for children

With the introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine in 2002, S. pneumoniae has replaced Hib as the most common cause of meningitis in children in Malaysia. And now, there’s a vaccine for it, too.

ON 7 OCTOBER 1996, parents around the world went about their daily routine, oblivious to the fact that two scientists they did not know, and would never meet, had discovered something that would impact their lives directly.

It was the day that Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning “the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence”.

Their discovery of how the immune system recognises virus-infected cells “laid a foundation for an understanding of general mechanisms used by the cellular immune system to recognise both foreign microorganisms and self molecules.”

Dr Musa Mohd Nordin and Dr Theodore Tsai agree that the way ahead to prevent invasive pneumococcal diseases in infants and young children is with vaccination.In other words, their work has paved a better platform for the construction of new vaccines, among them the pneumococcal saccharide conjugate vaccine.

This is the first licensed vaccine to protect children under the age of two from invasive pneumococcal disease caused by several of the most common types of the pneumococcal bacteria.

Nasty pathogen
Pneumococcus, formally known as Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a gram-positive bacteria discovered way back in 1881 by French microbiologist Louis Pasteur.
“Pneumococcus contains a sugar capsule (polysaccharide) that encapsulates the bacteria. It is this capsule that makes this germ very infectious,” says Dr Musa Mohd Nordin, consultant paediatrician and neonatologist.

This germ is very easily transmitted via inhalation of aerosols or direct physical contact, for example through a cough or a sneeze.
Once it has landed in your nose, the germ parks itself in there, ready to cause troublesome infections like sinusitis and otitis media (infection of the middle ear).
However, it doesn’t stop there.

S treptococcus pneumoniaeis a nasty pathogen that is the number one cause of sinusitis, otitis media, bacteraemia, pneumonia and meningitis.“(Pneumococcus) breaches the barrier lining of the nose and the pharynx, and enters the blood. When it has invaded the bloodstream, it causes bacteraemia, or blood poisoning,” Dr Musa explains.
The Health Ministry has estimated that the incidence of pneumococcal bacteraemia is about 30 per 100,000 in Malaysian children under five years old, with at least 750 cases and 20 deaths per year.

“And if it goes across the blood-brain barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid, it causes meningitis,” he adds.

Meningitis, where the meninges or the lining of the brain becomes inflamed, is every parent’s worst nightmare. Without prompt diagnosis and treatment, a child with meningitis may die. Even those who survive may have multiple neurological deficits, such as mental retardation, cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness or epilepsy.

“It’s a very tragic survival,” Dr Musa stresses.
Previously, pneumococcus has been overshadowed by the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacteria, which was the number one cause for meningitis. However, after the Health Ministry introduced the Hib vaccine in 2002, the rates of Hib meningitis have declined tremendously.
“Now, S. pneumoniae has replaced Hib as the most common cause of meningitis in Malaysia,” Dr Musa points out.

Pneumococcus can also infect segments of the lungs, causing pneumonia. The relentless little germ is actually the number one cause of acute respiratory infections in Malaysia, which is, in turn, the leading cause of childhood illnesses, according to the National Health and Morbidity Survey 1996.

“There are at least 90 different types of pneumococci. But only about eight to 10 of the different pneumococci are responsible for the majority of invasive pneumococcal disease,” says Dr Musa.
His favourite phrase, “pneumococcus is number one” is justified. WHO reports that one million children in the world below the age of five die every year from invasive pneumococcal disease.

Antibiotics not the answer
Gone are the days when antibiotics could be deployed to battle attacks by any bacteria.
Today, bacteria and other microorganisms that cause infections have developed ways to survive drugs meant to kill or weaken them, leading to an emerging public health problem known as “antibiotic resistance”.

“In the 1940s, when penicillin was discovered, it was thought that this was the magic bullet that would eradicate all forms of bacteria. This would be the end of the pneumococcus,” relates Dr Musa.

Instead, the bacteria has managed to clone itself to be resistant to common antibiotics like penicillin and macrolides.

In a study carried out by the Asian Network for the Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP) between 1999 and 2001 in 12 Asian countries, the group concluded that there is a worrying increase in the prevalence of penicillin- and macrolide-resistant pneumococcus.
Antibiotic resistance is believed to arise from the abuse, overuse and misuse of antibiotics. As a result, pneumococcal infections, and many other diseases like tuberculosis, malaria and cholera, are not responding to formerly effective drugs and are spreading rapidly.
In the same study, the ANSORP group recommended that there should be continuous surveillance of pneumococci, while doctors should be more circumspect about the use of antibiotics.

ANSORP also concluded that pneumococcal vaccination is urgently required in Asia, a point that Dr Musa fervently agrees with.

“Antibiotics are not the solution to the pneumococcal problem. The way ahead is to prevent these invasive diseases with vaccination,” he says.

[tags : seic epilepsy seizures children pediatric neurology]

News : Bethany Home Training Centre for Children with Disabilities

Excerpt from STAR ONLINE

Children can now take the bus

TELUK INTAN: It was a dream come true for children of Bethany Home when it received a donation of RM230,000 for a special bus.

“We are grateful for the contribution,” said the home’s director, R. Jayasingh.
The donation is part of the RM730,000 net proceeds collected from ticket sales for the Wild Zebra shows organised by The Star and presented by Artistry by Amway in Kuala Lumpur recently.

Jayasingh said the special bus was needed to pick up students who could not walk independently from their homes here and in Bagan Datoh and other parts of Hilir Perak.

WELCOME AID: Dr Victor and Ngiam holding up the mock cheque in a group picture with (standing from left) Aeria, Tan and Jayasingh (right) and the home’s children after the ceremony on Saturday.“The bus will have a hydraulic wheelchair lift and safety features such as safety belts in each of the seats,” he said.

The bus would also be used to transport the children for outings, picnics and outstation trips, he said after home chairman Dr A. Victor received the donation from Star Publications (M) Bhd deputy group general manager Datin Linda Ngiam on Saturday.

Located at Simpang Empat near here, the home is a training and educational centre for 176 children and adults with a variety of disabilities, including epilepsy, intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy and autism.

Star Publications group managing director Datuk Steven Tan and his wife Datin Jenny Tan, who also attended the brief ceremony, were given a tour of the home.
Accompanying them were deputy group chief editor (I) Michael Aeria, senior marketing services manager Iris Tan and security manager B.T. Tan.
Dr Victor said when the idea of raising funds first came up, the home was thinking of a smaller bus.

”Now that we have the funds for it, we will get a 44-seater bus, which will cost about RM330,000, so that it can accommodate more children,” he added.

Proceeds from the Wild Zebra shows, held from July 29 to Aug 3 at Istana Budaya in Kuala Lumpur, will also go to the Salvation Army, Tasputra Perkim Kuala Lumpur, Asrama Darul Falah of Perkim in Kuala Lumpur, Shelter in Petaling Jaya and the Paediatric Institute of Hospital Kuala Lumpur.

[tags : seic epilepsy seizures children pediatric neurology]

Article : A Study of Newly Diagnosed Epilepsy in Malaysia [1999]

The Singapore Medical Journal published a paper on Malaysian Epilepsy back in 1999.

Here's a copy of the Report.

Source from Singapore Medical Journal

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Singapore Med J 1999; Vol 40(01):
A Study of Newly Diagnosed Epilepsy in MalaysiaV Manonmani, C T Tan

ABSTRACT
Background/Aim of Study: To determine the characteristics of newly diagnosed epilepsy in the multiracial population of Malaysia.

Methods: This is a prospective study of 165 consecutive newly diagnosed cases of epilepsy presenting to the neurology laboratory of the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur.

The inclusion criteria were: two or more seizures with interval of L 24 hours, age L 1 month, residents of Klang Valley. All the patients underwent an awake and sleep EEG.

Results: One hundred and sixty-five cases were collected over 1992 - 1994. Their ethnic origin was: Chinese (36%), Indian (35%), Malay (29%). The mean age of onset of epilepsy was 18.7 years. Localisation related epilepsies accounted for 57.6% of cases while the remaining 42.4% were generalised epilepsies. Of the generalised epilepsies, subclassification was as follows: idiopathic generalised epilepsy 28.5%, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy 5.5%, childhood absence epilepsy 3.6%, West syndrome 3%, Lennox Gastaut syndrome 1.2% and photosensitive epilepsy 0.6%. Twenty-two percent of the cases were symptomatic and 78% were cryptogenic/idiopathic. The patients had a mean of 3.9 other siblings. Only 0.76% of the close relatives (parents and siblings) had a history of epilepsy.

Conclusion: The characteristics of epilepsy in Malaysia is largely similar to those reported elsewhere. Genetic factors may be playing a relatively minor role in causing epilepsy in this community.

Keywords: epilepsy, localisation related epilepsy, generalised epilepsy, symptomatic, cryptogenic


INTRODUCTION
As in other countries, epilepsy is one of the most important clinical problems in the practice of neurology. The aim of this prospective study is to determine the relative incidence and characteristics of epilepsy in Malaysia, and is based on 165 consecutive cases of newly diagnosed epilepsy.


The study was done at the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) in Kuala Lumpur. It serves a dual function as one of the two national referral centres for tertiary medical care, as well as one of the three public general hospitals serving the 3.5 million residents in the Klang Valley states of Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. Consecutive cases of newly diagnosed epilepsy who presented to the neurology laboratory, UMMC for an EEG were studied. All the patients were personally reviewed by the authors or one of the other neurologists from the medical centre. There must be two or more seizures 24 hours apart. The patients were residents of Kuala Lumpur or Selangor.


The classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes largely adheres to the ILAE classification but has been modified to simplify the study. Symptomatic/cryptogenic cases are not categorised separately.


The 165 consecutive cases were collected over the period 1992 - 1994. The ethnic origins were: Malay (29%), Chinese (36%) and Indian (35%). The sex ratio was M:F = 13:12. The age of onset of epilepsy ranged form 3 months to 77 years with a mean age of 18.7 years. The duration of illness was less than 3 months in 57 cases, 3 to 12 months in 31 cases and more than 12 months in 77 cases. The frequency of seizure was more than once daily in 38 cases, once daily to once weekly in 36 cases, once weekly to once monthly in 34 cases and less than once monthly in 57 cases.


Among the 77 cases who had epilepsy for more than a year before diagnosis, 18 had more than one seizure a week. The delay in diagnosis despite frequent attacks was due to failure to recognise the significance of the unusual seizure pattern such as absence, complex partial seizure and myoclonic seizures (11), seeking care from traditional healers (3) and no specific reason was given in 4 other patients.


The patients had a mean of 3.9 other siblings. Only 7 of the total 918 (0.76%) close relatives (parents and siblings) of the probands had a history of epilepsy and another 7 (0.76%) had a history of childhood febrile convulsions. By comparison, 11 cases among the proband had childhood febrile convulsions.


The clinical characteristics of the seizures were: generalised tonic clonic seizure (130); atonic seizure (12); generalised tonic seizure (4); generalised clonic seizure (2); focal motor seizure (25); absence attacks (19); myoclonic seizure (11); sensory seizure (6); infantile spasm (5).
EEG’s were done in sleep and wakefulness in all the patients. One hundred and thirty-seven cases had an abnormal EEG. The abnormalities were: focal or multifocal spike/sharp wave +/- slow wave (72), atypical generalised spike and wave (34), 3/sec spike and wave (7), focal slow wave (12), generalised slow wave (5), hypsarrhythmia (4), slow spike-wave l 2.5/sec (2).
Five of the patients had a photoconvulsive response.


The epilepsy/epileptic syndrome based on clinical features and investigation may be classified as generalised (42.4%) and localisation related (57.6%). Of the generalised epilepsies, sub-classification was as follows: idiopathic generalised (28.5%) juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (5.5%), West Syndrome (3%), childhood absence epilepsy (3.6%), Lennox Gastaut syndrome (1.2%), and photosensitive epilepsy (0.6%). In the localisation related category, the seizure type was as follows: secondary generalised (32.7%), complex partial seizures (CPS) with secondary generalisation (6.7%), CPS without secondary generalisation (3%), simple partial with secondary generalisation (9.1%), and simple partial without secondary generalisation (6.1%). Benign rolandic epilepsy accounted for 3% of the localisation related epilepsies.


Sixty-nine cases had age of onset at below 15 years. The classification for these childhood onset patients were generalised (53.6%) and localisation related (46.4%). Of the generalised epilepsies, sub-classification was as follows: idiopathic generalised (30.4%), childhood absence epilepsy (8.7%), West syndrome (7.2%), JME (2.9%), LGS (2.9%), and photosensitive epilepsy (1.5%). In the localisation related epilepsy category, seizure type was as follows: secondary generalised (27.6%), CPS with secondary generalisation (5.8%), CPS without secondary generalisation (1.5%), simple partial with secondary generalisation (10.1%) and simple partial without secondary generalisation 1.5%. Benign rolandic epilepsy accounted for 7.2% of the localisation related epilepsies. The patients had an average of 2.4 other siblings. None of the close relatives (parents and siblings) had a history of epilepsy.


Among the 46 cases with non-syndromic idiopathic generalised epilepsy, the racial composition was Chinese (16), Malay (16), Indian (14). The age of onset ranged from 6 months to 38 years with a mean of 17.2 years. The sex ratio was M:F = 15:8. The patients had a mean of 4.2 other siblings. Only 3 out of 286 (1%) close relatives (parents and siblings) had a history of epilepsy. The EEG was abnormal in 21 patients, with 19 cases showing atypical generalised spike and wave pattern. The sex ratio for this better defined group of 19 patients was M:F = 2:1. The racial composition was: Chinese (4), Malay (8), Indian (7). Between them, they have a total of 71 other siblings with one having a history of epilepsy.


As for the 15 cases with complex partial seizure, the ethnic composition was Chinese (7), Malay (5) and Indian (3). The sex ratio was M:F = 2:1. The mean age of onset was 18.2 years. The clinical manifestations consisted of: altered consciousness (15), automatism (9), oro-mandibular movement (4), laughing (1), and smiling (1). The precipitation factors were: meals (2), fever (2), fatigue (2), sleep (2), and sleep deprivation (1). Only 2 patients had past history of childhood febrile convulsions of which one was prolonged. Another 2 patients had past history of meningoencephalitis. No obvious cause could be found in the other 11 cases. The EEG was abnormal in 12 cases and normal in 3 cases. The epileptic focus based on surface EEG was bitemporal (5), one temporal (3), one frontal-temporal (2), one occipital (1), and multifocal (1).
Thirty-six cases (22%) were symptomatic and 129 cases (78%) were cryptogenic/idiopathic. The medical conditions associated with the symptomatic cases were: cerebral palsy/mental retardation (13), SLE (6), meningitis/encephalitis (4), stroke (4), glioma (1), meningioma (1), AIDS (1), moyamoya disease (1), hypoglycaemia (1), head injury (3) and alcohol related (1).


A hospital based study has the problem of patient selection with a bias towards more severe and complicated cases. However, these patients were thoroughly investigated and seen by a more select group of doctors. The UMMC serves as one of the community hospitals for the residents in the Klang Valley area, as well as a national referral centre. We have attempted to minimise the bias by including only the newly diagnosed cases from the Klang Valley area. The relatively low proportion of symptomatic cases (22%), compared to 36% from the population based national general practice study in UK(1) suggests that our study sample is fairly representative of the community in general.


The racial composition of the epilepsy cases of Malay (29%), Chinese (36%) and Indian (35%) was similar to the racial composition of the non-obstetric cases seen in the outpatient clinic in the UMMC in 1991, which was: Malay (33%), Chinese (39%), Indian (26%), Others (2%). There is thus no evidence of any ethnic predisposition to epilepsy among the three main racial groups. The mean age of onset in this series at 18.7 years is young. This is probably due to a larger proportion of young population in this country.


The overall classification of epilepsy/epileptic syndrome, shows localisation related epilepsies accounting for 57.6 of cases while the remaining 42.4% were generalised. A number of the clinical generalised tonic clonic seizures had localising features on investigation and were classified as secondary generalised. Reclassification of the initial seizure in the light of additional information was not attempted. The high proportion of clinical generalised seizures which in fact were secondary generalised based on investigation, points to the importance of a thorough history which is emphasised by Sanders(1).


5.5% of epilepsy in this study is due to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). This corresponds to the 5.4% obtained by Tsuboi from Heidelberg(2), Germany and 4.1% obtained by Mai et al from Milan, Italy(3). On the other hand, the prevalence of benign rolandic epilepsy (3%) appears to be low. When children with onset of epilepsy at below 15 years were considered, benign rolandic epilepsy and childhood absence epilepsy constituted 7.2% and 8.7% of the cases. Based on the EEG record over a three-year period, we have earlier estimated that 4.8% of our epileptic children suffered from benign rolandic epilepsy(4). Blom et al reported a prospective study of epileptic children below 16 years from a Swedish county. The proportion with benign rolandic epilepsy and absence epilepsy were 25.6% and 9.3% respectively(5). Our study is hospital based and may miss mild cases of BRE. The prevalence of infantile spasms, accounting for 7.2% of children below 15 years with epilepsy is rather high. Blom et al ascribed 2.3% of their cases to infantile spasms(5). The apparent high prevalence of infantile spasms may be contributed by the biased sample of the medical centre in attracting the more severely ill patients. The photoconvulsive response rate of 3% in our country which has sunshine throughout the year is similar to the 2.8% reported in the United Kingdom by Jeavons based on patients referred for EEG examination(6).


As for the group with non-syndromic idiopathic generalised epilepsy, there is an unusually low prevalence (1%) of family history of epilepsy. Males accounted for 65% in this group. Oller-Daurella & Oller F-V from Spain reported a male predominance of 62%, and family history of epilepsy among the next of kin at around 23%(7). The low prevalence of epilepsy among the close family suggests that epilepsy is non-genetic, or low penetrance of genes for idiopathic generalised epilepsy among the local population and a further detailed study is planned.
The high proportion of SLE (3.6%) among the causes of symptomatic epilepsy reflects the high prevalence of SLE in the community. The relatively low occurrence of tumour (1.2%) is probably partly contributed by the younger age group of our patients. Sander et al from UK reported that 6% of their patients overall had brain tumour. However, it was only 1% for those under 30 years of age, but 19% for the 50 - 59 years age group and 11% for the L 60 years age group(1).


The overall prevalence of epilepsy among the siblings and parents at 0.76% was low. The risk of epilepsy among the family members is dependent on the age of onset and the type of epilepsy. Anderson & Hauser reported an 11.6% risk of any seizure and 3.6% risk of epilepsy among the siblings of probands with initial diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy before 15 years of age(8). None of the siblings and parents of the 69 patients with onset of epilepsy below 15 years had history of any form of epilepsy. In our earlier studies, 19% of benign rolandic epilepsy and 18% of JME had siblings with history of fits(4,9). This corresponds to reports from elsewhere(10,11). The overall low prevalence of epilepsy among close relatives among our hospital based patients may thus be a combination of low prevalence of benign rolandic epilepsy where there is a strong family history, and possible non-genetic nature or low penetrance of genes of patients with idiopathic generalised epilepsy.


The low prevalence of 0.76% childhood febrile convulsions among the close relatives (parents and siblings) of the probands is most likely due to the method of case ascertainment. The prevalence of childhood febrile convulsion varies from 0.1% to 15%, depending on the case ascertainment method. Thus, the mean prevalence rate was 2.7% by questionnaire survey, 4.3% by reports of general practitioners or medical record reviews, and 8.1% by examination(12). The estimated prevalence in this study was based on questionnaire and it was ascertained on close relatives of patients with epilepsy. The low prevalence of childhood febrile convulsion in the local population needs to be confirmed or refuted by further studies. In a Singapore study the cumulative incidence of febrile seizures by age 6 years was 4.47%(13).


A study of 165 newly diagnosed "unselected" cases of epilepsy from Kuala Lumpur/Selangor states revealed many patients continued to have long delay before diagnosis, particularly those in whom the seizure characteristics were unusual. There is no evidence to suggest a predisposition to epilepsy in the three main ethnic groups, Chinese, Malay and Indian. The overall classification of epilepsy was generalised (42.4%) and localisation related (57.6%). Benign rolandic epilepsy accounted for 7.2% of childhood onset epilepsy, which is lower than reported elsewhere. Twenty-two percent of the cases were symptomatic. The associated medical conditions were: cerebral palsy/mental retardation (36%), SLE (17%), meningo-encephalitis (11%), brain tumour (6%), and stroke (11%). This reflects the young population and high prevalence of SLE in the community. The prevalence of epilepsy among the close relatives was low at 0.76%. This is probably a combination of expected low incidence of benign rolandic epilepsy in a hospital based study and possible non-genetic etiology or low penetrance of genes of patients with idiopathic generalised epilepsy, which is scheduled for further study.


We wish to thank Ms Pritpal Kaur, Cik Nor Zuhaila Mohamad Nor and Puan Rosmawati Abd Karim for their assistance in typing the manuscript.

Department of Paediatrics

University Hospital

59100 Kuala Lumpur

Malaysia

V Manonmani,

MRCPLecturer
Department of LaboratoryMedicine

University Hospital

C T Tan, FRCP

Professor and ConsultantNeurologist

Correspondence to: Dr V Manonmani




[tags : seic epilepsy seizures children pediatric neurology]